Hypoglycemia post bariatric surgery: drugs with different mechanisms of action to treat a unique disorder

ABSTRACT Postprandial hypoglycemia (PPH) is a complex and multifactorial complication of bariatric surgery (BS). PPH may cause severe symptoms or be asymptomatic. The treatment of this condition requires dietary changes, but severe cases require drug therapy. The number of therapeutic options is limited and are often associated with adverse side effects. Different classes of drugs have been used and tested, but the resolution of PPH remains a challenge for physicians and patients. In this review, we gathered articles on PPH after BS from PubMed searches (2001 to 2022) and focused on the main drugs tested for the treatment of this condition, such as acarbose, somatostatin analogues, type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and liraglutide. Avexitide and glucagon pump are two new therapeutic options that have been recently tested. For the search, the terms "postbariatric hypoglycemia," "bariatric surgery," and "late dumping syndrome" were used. PPH after BS is a frequent condition that should always be evaluated after BS. Treatment should be individualized and the available therapeutic options may be useful based on the condition's pathophysiology.

Hypoglycemia post bariatric surgery: drugs with different mechanisms of action to treat a unique disorder.

Postprandial hypoglycemia (PPH) is a complex and multifactorial complication of bariatric surgery (BS). PPH may cause severe symptoms or be asymptomatic. The treatment of this condition requires dietary changes, but severe cases require drug therapy. The number of therapeutic options is limited and are often associated with adverse side effects. Different classes of drugs have been used and tested, but the resolution of PPH remains a challenge for physicians and patients. In this review, we gathered articles on PPH after BS from PubMed searches (2001 to 2022) and focused on the main drugs tested for the treatment of this condition, such as acarbose, somatostatin analogues, type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and liraglutide. Avexitide and glucagon pump are two new therapeutic options that have been recently tested. For the search, the terms "postbariatric hypoglycemia," "bariatric surgery," and "late dumping syndrome" were used. PPH after BS is a frequent condition that should always be evaluated after BS. Treatment should be individualized and the available therapeutic options may be useful based on the condition's pathophysiology.

Terapia Notch, uma estratégia no tratamento do zumbido / Notch Therapy, a strategy in the treatment of tinnitus

Contexto: A Terapia Notch surgiu como estratégia promissora no controle do zumbido tonal. Trata-se de estratégia que utiliza a plasticidade neural para inibir as frequências laterais àquela do zumbido, equilibrando sinapses excitatórias e inibitórias e, por conseguinte, reduzindo a percepção e incômodo do zumbido. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da Terapia Notch no controle do zumbido tonal. Material e métodos: Trata-se de sinopse baseada em evidências. Procedeu-se à busca por estudos que associavam zumbido e Terapia Notch em quatro bases eletrônicas de dados: Cochrane - Central de Registros de Ensaios Clínicos - CENTRAL (2022), PubMed (1966-2022), Portal BVS (1982-2022) e Embase (1974- 2022). Dois pesquisadores independentemente extraíram os dados e avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos para a síntese. O desfecho primário de análise envolveu a melhora clínica do zumbido. Resultados: Foram encontradas 538 referências. Seis estudos foram incluídos (n = 233 participantes). Discussão: A literatura apresenta poucos estudos clínicos de avaliação da terapia Notch para zumbido. Trata-se de ensaios clínicos com amostragem reduzida e heterogeneidade alta. Embora o nível de evidência seja ainda muito limitado, todos esses estudos concluem que a terapia Notch pode ser efetiva no controle do zumbido tonal. Conclusões: A terapia Notch pode trazer benefícios no controle do zumbido tonal, mas novos ensaios clínicos de qualidade e bom delineamento são necessários para maior robustez da evidência.